Tracking Neurodegeneration in Early Wolfram Syndrome

Wolfram Syndrome Group (WFS): Inclusion Criteria: * Participant has confirmation of a WFS1 mutation OR * Both of the following conditions: diabetes mellitus requiring insulin and optic nerve atrophy diagnosed by a physician. Both conditions diabetes mellitus and optic nerve atrophy had to be diagnosed at age younger than 18 years old Exclusion Criteria: * Participant is unaware of their diagnosis. * Inability of patient or guardian to understand informed consent. * Advanced disease that makes traveling too problematic and/or uncomfortable for the patient and/or guardian, such as use of ventilator or inability to walk. T1DM Group: Inclusion criteria: * Age within the 0-28 yrs age range of WS participant * Dx of T1 diabetes mellitus Exclusion criteria: * Participant is unaware of their diagnosis. * Inability of patient or guardian to understand informed consent. * Diagnosis of any major neurological or medical condition. * Chronic disease other than T1DM, well-controlled asthma, or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. * Other current serious medical illness * Co-morbid psychiatric illness: such as mania, mental retardation, or psychoactive drug dependence. * Co-morbid neurological illness: stroke, seizure, major loss of consciousness, other brain trauma/surgery, or head injuries (i.e. near drowning), encephalitis, or hydrocephalus, blindness, deafness. * Pre-maturity at birth \>4 wks early (\<36 wk term) w/ sequelae (e.g. on respirator at NICU) * Contraindication to MRI scan (e.g.…