The proposed study is designed to investigate whether the PURPLE Crying program attains efficacy by optimizing the neural response in the anterior insula, and augmenting activity in regions of the brain known to be important for emotion regulation. The aim is to determine the effects of the PURPLE Cry Intervention by investigating the following: * independent variables that may affect a father's neural response to infant cries * effects of the PURPLE cry intervention, compared to a control intervention, on fathers' reported aversiveness and empathy in response to cry stimuli * effects of the PURPLE cry intervention, compared to a control intervention, on fathers' neural response to unknown infant cries compared to a tone control * effects of the PURPLE cry intervention, compared to a control intervention, on fathers' neural responses to own infant cries compared to unknown infant cries The investigators hypothesize: * prior to the PURPLE material, fathers' neural responses to infant cry stimuli will be modulated by the following variables: subjective self-reported emotional reaction to cry stimuli, hormone levels, sleep quality and quantity, sex of the infant, infant temperament, life stressors, parental expectations, personality (neuroticism), and father's own childhood experience * fathers who receive the PURPLE material compared to those that receive the control intervention will report a larger decrease in aversiveness and a larger increase in empathy in response to cry stimuli * fathers who receive the PURPLE material compared to those that receive the control intervention will show a larger decrease in activity in the anterior insula and amygdala in response to cry stimuli * fathers who receive the PURPLE material compared to those that receive the control intervention will show a larger increase in activity in regions of the brain important for emotion regulation, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and orbitofrontal PFC * fathers' neural activity in the amygdala in response to their own infant's cry stimuli will be positively correlated with both their own and infant testosterone levels
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Change in neural responses to infant cry stimuli
Timeframe: within one visit, pre and post PURPLE intervention, approximately 30 minutes apart