Preemptive Genotyping and Pain Management

Inclusion Criteria: * Children, 6-17 years of age and adults, 18 - 21 years with idiopathic scoliosis and/or pectus excavatum scheduled for surgical clinic visit * BMI \< 30 * Cognitively able to use a 0 - 10 numerical rating scale (NRS) to report level of pain * Parents give permission (and children give assent when appropriate) or adult participants give consent for CYP2D6 results to be placed in Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC's) EPIC Exclusion Criteria: * • Who had prior surgery for idiopathic scoliosis and/or pectus excavatum * Who have prior CYP2D6 testing or Genetic Pharmacology Service (GPS) Psychiatry Panel documented in EPIC * Who are taking prescription medication known to inhibit or induce CYP2D6 * Who are taking prescription medication known to inhibit (e.g. voriconazole) or induce (e.g. carbamazepine and rifampin) CYP3A4 * Who have liver or renal failure * Who have history of narcotic abuse