Comparison of Tissue in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures and Apexification

Inclusion Criteria: Patient Inclusion Criteria: * Children ages 9-18 with bilateral premolars with incomplete root development scheduled for extraction for orthodontic reasons. * Children who seem to be cooperative with dental treatment and able to indicate willingness to obtain treatment and participate in the study and who are capable of verbally expressing dissent. * Parents who express understanding of study treatments and consent to treatment for their child of the regenerative procedure prior to the tooth extraction for orthodontic reasons . * Healthy patients (ASA Class I or II physical status) with no systemic health problems that may interfere with healing and cell growth. Tooth inclusion criteria: * Permanent premolar teeth with immature root development and healthy pulps scheduled for extraction due to orthodontic requirements. * Clinically confirmed teeth with good periodontal health assessed by periodontal probing depths of less than 4mm. Exclusion Criteria: Patient Exclusion Criteria: * Parents and patients unable to give consent or express dissent. * Patients who are unwilling to undergo the research and orthodontic dental treatment. * Patients affected by tempromandibular joint disorders. * Patients affected by known orofacial pain disorders. * Patients with ASA Class III or IV physical status (Immuno-compromised patients including patients who self-report that they are an HIV carrier, undergoing steroid therapy or chemotherapy, or those who self-report…