The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of home-based couple HIV-testing and counseling and male partner education on partner HIV testing and other critical maternal and infant health outcomes during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Additionally, the study seeks to assess the cost-effectiveness of this approach. Involvement of men during the antenatal and postpartum period, including HIV testing of male partners, can have substantial benefits for women and infants. In observational studies, male participation in antenatal care has been associated with increased uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) interventions, and more recently, a study in Kenya found a significant HIV-free survival benefit for children of HIV-infected women whose male partners attended antenatal care where couple HIV testing was offered. In this study only 31% of \~450 men invited for counseling and testing came to clinic, highlighting the challenges faced across sub-Saharan Africa when trying to access male partners of pregnant women. In areas of high HIV-1 prevalence, high levels of male involvement may be readily achievable because home-based counseling and testing is highly acceptable and the benefits of male participation and HIV testing extend to HIV-uninfected pregnant and postpartum women and infants. Reaching out to men during pregnancy may reduce incident HIV infection and vertical transmission among these women, but efforts to engage men in antenatal care in Western Kenya have thus far achieved limited success. This intervention may achieve gains beyond prevention of maternal and infant HIV-1 acquisition through identification of HIV-infected men who would otherwise not learn their status or delay treatment, and by improving child health through targeted education of male partners. When administered in a home-based setting simple, established interventions such as the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding have been shown to be associated with significant reductions in child mortality. Home-based approaches also lend themselves to integration with targeted interventions such as promotion of HIV testing among male partners of at-risk pregnant women. Furthermore, a successful HIV testing program for male partners of pregnant women has potential to reach a large number of men who may be unaware of their HIV status or who are HIV-infected but not in care, providing linkages to treatment clinics and promoting prevention interventions, such as safe sex and voluntary male circumcision for those who are uninfected. In this randomized clinical trial up to 600 couples (300 in each treatment arm) will be randomized to standard antenatal care or home-based partner education and HIV testing (HOPE) as part of routine pregnancy services. Women will be enrolled at the antenatal clinic in Kisumu District Hospital, Kisumu, Kenya. Couples in the control group will receive the HOPE Intervention, featuring home-based couple counseling and HIV testing as well as key educational messages concerning HIV prevention behaviors, facility delivery, exclusive breastfeeding, and post-partum family planning. Women in the control arm will be invited to bring their male partners to the antenatal clinic for voluntary clinic testing and counseling. Women will be followed up at clinic visits 6-weeks and 14-weeks postpartum and again with their male partner 6-months post-partum. These follow-up visits will include questionnaires to measure uptake of HIV testing, facility delivery, exclusive breastfeeding and postpartum contraceptive use as well as linkage to HIV care. Cost-effectiveness of the intervention will also be evaluated in order to inform future scale-up. First, the investigators hypothesize that successful implementation of HOPE will result in higher uptake of male partner HIV testing, couple testing and disclosure of HIV status. The investigators also hypothesize that there will be benefits to HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women and their children who will have improved uptake of interventions to improve maternal and child health. Specifically, the investigators anticipate higher levels of facility delivery, optimal breastfeeding practices, and post-partum contraceptive use, as well as increased uptake of antiretroviral treatment for HIV+ women in the intervention arm, relative to the control arm. Second, the investigators hypothesize that greater than 85% of HIV-1-infected men identified through home-based partner education and testing (HOPE) will access care and treatment services, and, overall, more women in the HOPE arm will know their partners' status at each time point and more partners will be in care and treatment. Third, the investigators predict that uptake of counseling and testing and HIV prevalence among male partners and family members will be high enough to make this approach cost-effective from both payer and societal perspectives.
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Male self-report of uptake of HIV testing
Timeframe: 6 months postpartum