Fetal Cystoscopy Versus Vesico-amniotic Shunting in Severe Lower Urinary Tract Obstructions

Inclusion Criteria: * single pregnancy * male fetuses * gestational age dating by ultrasound examination performed before 20 weeks * confirmed severe LUTO (see details before) * severe oligohydramnios (AFI\<5.0cm) * no other structural anomalies by complete fetal anatomy ultrasound scan and fetal echocardiogram * no abnormal karyotype * 'favorable' urine analysis (urinary sodium \<100 mEq/L, chloride \<90 mEq/L, osmolarity \<200 mOsm/L) when gestational age \>20 weeks Exclusion Criteria: * presence of other anomalies diagnosed after fetal intervention * maternal refusal to participate in the present protocol