Bovine Lactoferrin to Prevent and Cure Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Complicated Pregnancies

Inclusion Criteria: * pregnant women with one of genetic thrombophilia markers as factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A mutation, antiphospholipid antibodies, hyperhomocysteinemia and deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C, or protein S. * pregnant women affected by HT and suffering of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) * different trimester of pregnancy * previous miscarriage/s * previous preterm delivery/ies * iron disorders as iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are defined by the number of red blood cells \<4.000.000/mL, the hemoglobin concentration ≤ 11 g/dL, the total serum iron ≤ 30 mg/dL and serum ferritin ≤12 ng/mL. Exclusion Criteria: * absence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia * non-pregnant women * uncomplicated pregnancies * no informed consent * other treatments of iron supplementation * recent blood transfusion * other concomitant diseases * ascertained allergy to milk proteins or to iron products.