Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Perfusion, and Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Lupus

Inclusion Criteria: * Have no diagnosis of NPSLE, SLE, or any other condition which, in the investigator's opinion, might cause central nervous system(CNS) changes or interfere with the interpretation of results. * Be 18 years of age or older. * Be willing and able to complete all study procedures. * Meet the criteria for diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE). * Have recent onset or diagnosis of neurological symptoms that have been active within the last 14 days. The criteria for NPSLE study patients will be neurological symptoms, confirmed by neurologic examination, which, in the opinion of the treating physician, may be due to the patient's diagnosis of SLE, and requires MRI evaluation. Patients will be classified according to the nomenclature recommended by the American College Rheumatology(ACR) on Neuropsychiatric Manifestations in SLE, and further classified as "focal," "nonfocal," or "seizure" (64). * Be able to complete all study procedures; and be able to sign the informed consent form or have a designated proxy or next-of-kin present to provide consent on behalf of the subject. * Meet the American College of Rheumatology(ACR) criteria for SLE and be a member of the U of M lupus cohort. * Report no neurological symptoms at the time of enrollment. Exclusion criteria: * Co-morbid medical illnesses capable of causing a worsening of physical functional status independent of the diagnosis (e.g. morbid obesity, autoimmune diseases other than SLE), cardiopulmonar…