The Prospective Evaluation of Pancreatic Function in Pancreas Transplant Recipients

Inclusion Criteria: * Hyperglycemic pancreas transplant recipients: * ages 19-65 * received a pancreas transplant ≥ 9 months previously * fasting glucose levels ≥ 126 mg/dl * hemoglobin A1C \> 1% above normal * Euglycemic pancreas transplant recipients: * ages 19-65 * received a pancreas transplant ≥ 9 months previously * fasting glucose levels are \< 126 mg/dl * normal HbA1C without taking any medications for the treatment of high blood sugars. * Euglycemic Kidney Transplant Recipients: * ages 19-65 * no prior diagnosis of diabetes * received a kidney transplant ≥ 9 months previously * showing continued function * Euglycemic Healthy Control Subjects: * ages 19-65 * no diabetes or renal disease Exclusion Criteria: * Hyperglycemic pancreas transplant recipients: * chronic illnesses that would decrease insulin sensitivity ( * terminal illness * BMI \> 30 kg/m2 * serum creatinine \> 2 mg/dl * hemoglobin \< 10 g/dl * an episode of acute rejection with the preceding 3 months of entry. * Euglycemic pancreas transplant recipients: * Exclusion criteria are the same as with hyperglycemic transplant patients. * no diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. * Euglycemic Kidney Transplant Recipients: * Exclusion criteria are the same as for euglycemic pancreas transplant recipients above. * Euglycemic Healthy Control Subjects: * chronic illnesses * medications known to affect glucose metabolism * a history of smoking * serum creatinine …