This study aims to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) among the programs for preventing osteoporotic fracture. The main comparison will be made among the effects of three programs for preventing osteoporotic fractures: 1. health education; 2. exercise intervention for enhancing bone mineral density (BMD); 3. exercise intervention for preventing falls. The "cost" will be measured bases on the monetary cost of implementation of each program. The "effectiveness" will be measured includes the number of prevented osteoporotic fractures of each program, and related outcomes are the follows: 1. the medical cost of osteoporotic fracture; 2. the change of BMD in consecutive years; 3. the quality of life (QOL) of patients with osteoporotic fracture as compared to the reference population.
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Bone mineral density, osteoporotic fracture