Studies of Brain Function and Course of Illness in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

Inclusion criteria

• ✓. Inclusion criteria for children with DMDD, subthreshold DMDD:
• ✓.1.1 Ages 7-17 at the time of recruitment; will be followed in the longitudinal component of the study until age 25.
• ✓.1.2 Abnormal mood (specifically, anger, sadness, and/or irritability), present at least half of the day most days (or at least half the day at least one day per week for subthreshold), and of sufficient severity to be noticeable by people in the child's environment (e.g. parents, teachers, peers).
• ✓.1.3 Compared to his/her peers, the child exhibits markedly increased reactivity to negative emotional stimuli that is manifest verbally or behaviorally. For example, the child responds to frustration with extended temper tantrums (inappropriate for age and/or precipitating event), verbal rages, and/or aggression toward people or property. Such events occur, on average, at least three times a week. For subthreshold DMDD such tantrums occur on average at least once per month.
• ✓.1.4 The symptoms in # 1.1.2, and 1.1.3 above are currently present and have been present for at least 12 months without any symptom-free periods exceeding three months.
• ✓.1.5 The onset of symptoms must be prior to age 10 years.
• ✓.1.6 For DMDD the symptoms are severe in at least in one setting (e.g. violent outbursts, assaultiveness at home, school, or with peers) and at least mild (distractibility, intrusiveness) in a second setting. For subthreshold DMDD, there must be evidence of impairment causing distress to the child or to those around him/her in at least one setting.