Ursolic Acid-Standardized Apple Pomace Supplementation for Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Older Adults With Mild Sarcopenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 65 to 80 years (inclusive) * Male or female * Community-dwelling outpatients * Able and willing to provide written informed consent * Able to comply with study procedures and attend scheduled visits * Able to walk independently (assistive devices permitted) and safely perform physical performance assessments * Stable medical condition and stable medication regimen for at least 4 weeks prior to screening * Mild sarcopenia defined as: * SARC-F score ≥4 or clinical suspicion of sarcopenia, and Low muscle strength defined as: Handgrip strength \<27 kg for men or \<16 kg for women, or Five-times chair stand test \>15 seconds or inability to complete without use of arms \- Eligible for body composition assessment using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) Exclusion Criteria: * Severe sarcopenia or severe functional impairment precluding safe participation * Unstable or uncontrolled medical conditions that may interfere with participation or safety * Severe renal or hepatic disease, including: * eGFR \<30 mL/min/1.73 m² * Significant liver disease or markedly abnormal liver function tests * Uncontrolled endocrine or metabolic disorders * Active malignancy or ongoing cancer treatment * Use of medications affecting muscle mass or function, including: * Chronic systemic corticosteroids * Anabolic steroids or testosterone therapy * Other investigational muscle-modifying agents * Recent structured resistance training within the past 3 months * Use of mus…