A Short-Bout Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Program in Older Adults With Diabetes and Probable Sarcopenia

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥60 years, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for ≥1 year. * Meet the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2025 criteria for probable sarcopenia. * Physical activity \<150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity. * Conscious, able to communicate effectively in written or spoken language. * Able to use a smartphone independently (or with minimal assistance). * Voluntarily participate and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Confirmed sarcopenia based on AWGS 2025. * History or current diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, or severe cognitive impairment. * Severe acute or chronic diabetic complications (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, stage IV-V diabetic nephropathy). * Severe congestive heart failure (NYHA class III-IV), or acute cardiac event, syncope, or loss of consciousness within the past year. * Severe pulmonary, hepatic, or renal insufficiency, or active malignancy. * Concurrent participation in another exercise intervention study. * Severe joint or muscle disease that strictly limits exercise (e.g., severe osteoarthritis, fracture, or other significant functional impairment), or other absolute contraindications to exercise. * Unintentional weight change \>5% or major changes in medication regimen within the 3 months prior to enrollment. * Classified as poor health status (Group 3) according to the Chinese Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 D…