This study aims to compare the effects of quinoa, buckwheat, rice, and bulgur consumption on dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, glycemic response, lipid profile, inflammatory markers, blood pressure, and intestinal microbiome in people with overweight and obesity. The primary hypotheses of the studies were given as follows: Hypothesis 1: H1: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet provides weight loss. H0: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not provide body weight loss. Hypothesis 2: H2: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet affects glycemic response. H0: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not affect glycemic response. Hypothesis 3: H3: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet affects the blood lipid profile. H0: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not affect the blood lipid profile. Hypothesis 4: H4: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet changes the composition of the gut microbiome. H0: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not change the composition of the gut microbiome. Hypothesis 5: H5: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet increases alpha diversity in the intestinal microbiome. HO: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not increase alpha diversity in the intestinal microbiome. Hypothesis 6: H6: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet increases beta diversity in the intestinal microbiome. HO: In people with overweight and obesity, the addition of quinoa and buckwheat to the diet does not increase beta diversity in the intestinal microbiome.
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Weight loss
Timeframe: From the beginning of the study to the end of the 4-week intervention period (up to 4 weeks), with measurements taken once a week.
Blood lipid levels (mg/dL)
Timeframe: At the beginning of the study and at the end of 4-weeks intervention period
Blood glucose levels (mg/dL) during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) procedure
Timeframe: At the beginning of the study and at the end of the 4-week intervention period, during each assessment, blood samples will be collected at 0. Minutes (fasting) and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following the 75 g oral glucose load.
Blood insulin levels (µIU/mL) during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) procedure
Timeframe: At the beginning of the study and at the end of the 4-week intervention period, during each assessment, blood samples will be collected at 0. Minutes (fasting) and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following the 75 g oral glucose load.
Changes in gut microbiome composition
Timeframe: At the beginning of the study and at the end of 4-week intervention period
Changes in Alpha Diversity
Timeframe: At the beginning of the study and at the end of 4-week intervention period
Changes in Beta Diversity
Timeframe: At the beginning of the study and at the end of 4-week intervention period