Oral Versus Intravenous Iron for Anemia Diagnosed After 34 Weeks of Gestation

Inclusion Criteria: * • Women aged 18 years or older. * Singleton pregnancy. * Gestational age ≥34+0 weeks at the time of anemia diagnosis. * Hemoglobin \<11 g/dL measured as part of routine antenatal care. * Ongoing antenatal follow-up at Policlinico Umberto I. * Ability to understand study procedures and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * • Known anemia not primarily due to iron deficiency. * Known hemoglobinopathies. * Severe anemia requiring immediate blood transfusion. * Previous severe hypersensitivity reaction to IV iron formulations. * Chronic hematologic disease. * Acute infection or inflammatory condition at enrollment. * Severe hepatic or renal impairment. * Any condition judged by the investigator to make participation unsafe.