Exchangeable and Relative Exchangeable Copper as an Alternative to 24-Hour Urinary Copper in Wilson's Disease Monitoring

Inclusion Criteria: Wilson's Disease Group: * Adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed with Wilson's disease * Followed at gastroenterology and/or neurology clinics * Clinically stable at the time of study inclusion * Provided written informed consent Control Group: * Adult patients (≥18 years) with dyspepsia * No known diagnosis of Wilson's disease or other disorders of copper metabolism * Age- and sex-matched to patients with Wilson's disease * Provided written informed consent Exclusion Criteria: (Applied to both groups unless otherwise specified) * Acute liver-related disease or complications, including: * Acute liver failure * Acute-on-chronic liver failure * Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis * Hepatic encephalopathy * Hepatorenal syndrome * Presence of diseases affecting copper metabolism other than Wilson's disease, including: Menkes disease, Malnutrition, Malabsorption syndromes * Inability or unwillingness to provide informed consent