Effects of Smoking on Network Connectivity in Patients With Schizophrenia Symptoms in Scz Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * Individuals who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and after at least one-year followup; * currently taking anti-psychotic medications for ≥ 3 months with good compliance; * aged 18 years or above; * able to communicate in Cantonese Exclusion Criteria: * Have any other current or past psychotic disorders; * with fleeting or actual suicidal/self-harm ideations, or acting-out behavior in the past; * with a known history of violence/aggression and a forensic history * Categorized with special care or intensive care (e.g., arson, battery, physical assault, rape, murder, etc.) * Have a lifetime history of substance abuse and/or are currently receiving treatment for substance abuse (e.g., opioids, cocaine, marijuana, or stimulants); * With alcohol consumption exceeding 25 standard drinks/week for men and 20 standard drinks/week for women over the last 6 months; * Have received a diagnosis of alcohol or drug dependence in the year preceding recruitment; * Are pregnant, breast-feeding, or planning a pregnancy for the duration of the study; * Have a history or current diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); * Have a history of epilepsy or a seizure disorder; * Experience disorientation, have developmental disabilities, and/or an organic mental disorder; * fMRI-related exclusion criteria promulgated by University Research Facility in Behavioural and Systems Neuroscience (UBSN), PolyU