In critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition in the intensive care unit, the functional capacity of the gastrointestinal system can be significantly influenced by the mode of nutritional support. The temperature of enteral feeding may exert potential effects on gastric emptying, intestinal motility, and nutrient absorption. However, the existing literature on the impact of feeding temperature is limited, and randomized or cross-over controlled studies directly comparing warm and cold enteral feeding are scarce. This study aims to systematically evaluate the effects of enteral feeding temperature on feeding tolerance (vomiting and aspiration), gastric emptying rate (gastric residual volume), and the incidence of diarrhea, thereby providing evidence to inform clinical practice.
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Gastric volume measured by ultrasonography at 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 minutes after administration of cold and warm enteral feeding.
Timeframe: Baseline (0 minutes) and up to 480 minutes after enteral feeding