Multimodal Training Effects in Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Diabetic Sarcopenia

Inclusion Criteria: * Diagnosed with both Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia. * Maintained on a stable regimen of oral hypoglycemic agents. * Aged 45 years or older. * Capable of communicating effectively in Mandarin or Taiwanese. * Willing to provide informed consent or have it obtained from a legally authorized representative. Exclusion Criteria: * • Limited limb or joint function that prevents exercise (e.g., recent fractures or dislocations). * Communication barriers or severe emotional/psychological issues (e.g., uncontrolled depression or severe mental illness). * Severe cognitive impairment (e.g., dementia). * End-stage renal disease (ESRD). * Major comorbidities or complications, including active diabetic foot ulcers, amputation, recent myocardial infarction, severe autonomic neuropathy, or a history of stroke within the last 3 years.