The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether different foot-strengthening strategies can improve foot strength, balance, walking ability, and fall-related outcomes in middle-aged and older adults (ages 45-85 years). The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does foot strength change from baseline after an 8-week foot-strengthening intervention? * Do balance, gait, and physical function improve following different foot-strengthening approaches? Researchers will compare minimalist footwear use, a foot exercise program, a foot-strengthening device (ToePro), and no intervention to see if these interventions lead to greater improvements in foot strength, balance, gait, and fall-related outcomes than no intervention. Participants will: * Complete baseline and post-intervention laboratory testing of foot strength, balance, physical function, and walking gait * Perform foot strengthening exercises or wear minimalist footwear (if applicable) five days/week for eight weeks * Complete daily logs to record intervention compliance
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Change From Baseline in Hallux Flexion Strength (Curl)
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Lesser Toes Flexion Strength (Curl)
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Hallux Flexion Strength (Press)
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Lesser Toe Flexion Strength (Press)
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Gait Kinetic Variables
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Joint Angles during Gait
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Joint Range of Motion During Gait
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Stance Time During Gait
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Step Length During Gait
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Cadence During Gait
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Step Width During Gait
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in 6-Minute Walk Test Distance
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in 30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test Performance
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in 4-Stage Balance Test Performance
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks
Change From Baseline in Single-Leg Heel-Raise Test Performance
Timeframe: From enrollment to the end of the intervention at 8 weeks