Long-Term Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes Following Freehand and Guided Dental Implant Placement: A Randomized Controlled Trial Follow-Up

Inclusion Criteria: * • Age between 18 and 75 years * Partial edentulism in the maxilla or mandible involving 1-6 missing teeth, with no more than three adjacent missing teeth * Clinical conditions suitable for implant placement as assessed by the investigator or principal investigator (adequate bone and soft tissue conditions and acceptable occlusion) * Ability to communicate effectively with the investigators and willingness to comply with study procedures * Provision of written informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * • Pregnancy or breastfeeding * Women of childbearing potential without adequate contraception (for radiological safety reasons) * Conditions preventing safe intraoral manipulation (e.g., limited mouth opening, pronounced gag reflex) * Current or previous bisphosphonate therapy * History of radiotherapy involving the maxilla or mandible * International normalized ratio (INR) \> 2.5 * Known HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C infection * Known allergy to any component of the implant or surgical guide system * Poor oral hygiene * Substance abuse * Smoking * Untreated periodontal disease * Any systemic disease or condition judged by the principal investigator to pose an unacceptable risk to the participant or to compromise study completion