Blackcurrants Modify Gut Microbiota and Reduce Osteoporosis Risk in Postmenopausal Females

Inclusion Criteria: * postmenopausal (defined as no more than 10 years since final menstrual cycle) females aged 45-70 years * not on hormone replacement therapy for at least one year before initiation of the study * maintaining normal exercise level (\< 7 hours/week) and willing to avoid exercise for 24 hours prior to blood and stool sampling * willing to ingest a dietary blackcurrant supplement or placebo (up to 1,176 mg/day, three 392mg capsules) * willing to avoid other dietary supplements for the duration of the study * willing to avoid intake of foods extremely rich in anthocyanins and fermented dairy products containing viable Bifidobacteria or Lactobacilli * willing to have three blood draws, three stool collections, and three bone scans Exclusion Criteria: * history of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, or other chronic inflammatory diseases * current smokers * taking prescription medications known to alter bone and calcium metabolism * taking anabolic agents such as parathyroid hormone or growth hormone, or steroid within 3 months before the start of the study * taking medications that alter bleeding (such as antiplatelets or anticoagulants) or those with a bleeding disorder * alcohol consumption exceeding 2 drinks/day (approximately 14g of ethanol per drink) or a total of 12/week * those with planned surgery during the study period or within 2 weeks of ending the intervention * those with sensitivi…