Effects of Performing Arts on Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Plain-language summary

This study examined whether dance-based video gaming could help young adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) improve attention, emotional wellbeing, and self-regulation. ADHD can affect focus, impulse control, coordination, and mood. Although medications are helpful for many individuals, they may produce side effects, may not lead to lasting improvement, or may not be accessible to everyone. Because of this, there has been growing interest in enjoyable, accessible, non-medication approaches to support symptom management. This research evaluated how different activities influenced the brain, body, and behavior. Participants were young adults ages 18-24 with a formal ADHD diagnosis. Each participant completed two visits: a baseline visit and an intervention visit. At baseline, participants completed questionnaires measuring ADHD symptoms, mood, and daily functioning. They also performed computer-based tasks assessing attention, inhibition, mental flexibility, and working memory while wearing an electroencephalography (EEG) cap to measure brain activity and a wearable heart rate monitor. Participants also completed balance assessments using a force plate that measured postural control. At the intervention visit, participants were randomly assigned to one of three 30-minute conditions: * Dance exergaming (Just Dance video game) - active, dance-based movement * Stationary biking - aerobic exercise while listening to music and watching dance gameplay videos * Music listening - seated condition listening to the same music and watching the same videos During these activities, EEG and heart rate were recorded. Afterward, participants repeated the same brain, cognitive, and balance assessments completed at baseline. A cool-down period was provided in all groups. This study allowed investigators to examine ADHD from multiple perspectives. The study assessed how movement, music, and dance influenced symptoms; how the brain responded during and after these activities; how the heart and nervous system adapted; and how balance and motor control changed. The study also evaluated how these systems (brain, body, and behavior) interacted with one another. By comparing dance exergaming with traditional aerobic exercise and a non-exercise condition, this study aimed to determine whether dance-based activity provided distinct benefits for young adults with ADHD. The goal was to better understand whether fun, creative, and widely accessible activities could support attention, emotional wellbeing, and physical regulation and whether they could complement existing treatment approaches.

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