The goal of this clinical trial was to evaluate methods to prevent pain on intravenous administration of propofol during induction of anesthesia. Propofol frequently causes a burning or painful sensation when injected into a peripheral vein. This randomized study compared three approaches in adult patients scheduled for elective surgery: propofol alone (control), propofol with 40 mg lidocaine mixed directly, and a brief intravenous lidocaine under venous occlusion (Bier block) using 40 mg for 2 minutes before propofol. The primary outcome was the incidence of pain on propofol injection measured with a 4-point verbal rating scale (0 = no pain to 3 = severe pain). Secondary outcomes included pain intensity, peri-induction hemodynamic parameters, and local injection-site adverse effects.
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Incidence of pain during propofol injection
Timeframe: Immediate (within 30 seconds after propofol injection)