The goal of this prospective observational study is to evaluate the ability of three large language models (ChatGPT-4o, Gemini Advanced, and Claude 3.7) to support diagnosis and treatment decision-making in adult patients presenting with common endodontic conditions.
The main questions the study aims to answer are:
Can LLMs accurately determine the endodontic diagnosis when provided with structured clinical information and periapical radiographs?
Can LLMs propose appropriate treatment plans comparable to decisions made by endodontic specialists?
To answer these questions, researchers will compare the diagnostic and treatment accuracy of three AI models using a consensus diagnosis from endodontic specialists as the reference standard.
Participants will:
Receive routine endodontic examination and periapical radiographs as part of standard clinical care.
Have their anonymized clinical histories and radiographs entered into the three AI models.
Not interact directly with any AI system; all evaluations will be performed by the research team.
This study aims to understand how large language models perform under real-world clinical conditions and whether these systems may play a supportive role in endodontic diagnostics in the future.
Who can participate
Age range
18 Years – 65 Years
Sex
ALL
See this in plain English?
AI-rewrites the medical criteria so a patient or caregiver can understand them. Always confirm with the trial site.
Inclusion Criteria:
* Adult patients (≥18 years old) presenting to or referred to the Endodontic Clinic.
Patients with a clinically verified endodontic condition requiring diagnosis and treatment planning.
Patients who agreed to participate and provided informed consent.
Patients for whom a complete paper-based medical/dental history and periapical radiograph were obtained during the clinical visit.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Exclusion Criteria
Patients who declined participation or did not provide informed consent.
Pediatric patients (\<18 years old) referred to the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic.
Patients attending the clinic with non-endodontic complaints (e.g., post-extraction alveolitis, third-molar extraction problems).
Cases with incomplete clinical information or missing radiographs.
Patients unable to undergo standard endodontic examination procedures.
Questions worth asking your doctor
Bring these to your next appointment. They're a starting point for a shared conversation — not a sign you qualify or a recommendation to enrol.
1Based on my diagnosis and history, is this trial worth exploring for me — or is there a standard treatment we should try first?
2What does this trial's phase tell us about how much is already known about its safety and benefit?
3What would taking part actually involve for me — visits, tests, time, and travel?
4What are the known and possible risks or side effects I should weigh, and how would they be monitored?
5If this trial isn't the right fit, what other options or trials would you suggest I look into?
Generated to help you prepare — always confirm anything about your own eligibility and care with the study team and your doctor.
Questions for the trial coordinator
The trial coordinator is the person who runs the study day to day. These cover the practical side — logistics, costs, and what taking part would actually mean for your life. The study team confirms whether you meet the criteria; these are questions to ask, not a sign you qualify.
1What does taking part actually involve week to week — how many visits, where, and how long does each one take?
2What costs are covered by the study, and what might I have to pay for myself, including travel, parking, or time off work?
3What happens during screening, and what happens if the study team confirms I don't meet the criteria after those tests?
4Who pays for the scans, blood work, and other tests the trial requires — the study, my insurance, or me?
5How will being in the trial affect my regular care, and will my own doctor stay informed and involved?
6Can I leave the trial at any point if I change my mind, and what would happen to my care if I do?
A starting point for the conversation — always confirm anything about your own eligibility, costs, and care with the study team and your doctor.
What they're measuring
1
Clinician Diagnosis Accuracy Based on Paper-Based History and Periapical Radiograph