HAIC vs. TACE Combined With ICIs and TKIs in Intermediate-to-Advanced HCC: A Multicenter Study on Liver Injury and Survival

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients voluntarily join this study and sign the informed consent form; * Aged ≥ 18 years, both male and female; * Patients with pathologically or clinically confirmed BCLC stage B or C hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who were diagnosed between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2022; * Receiving treatment with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with anti-angiogenic drugs (both PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and targeted drugs are only approved post-market medications, including but not limited to those with HCC indications); * Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) or hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) completed within 3 months after the first systemic treatment or within 1 month before the first systemic treatment; * Having at least one measurable intrahepatic lesion, with intrahepatic lesions being the main tumor burden. (According to RECIST v1.1, the measurable lesion has a spiral CT scan long diameter ≥ 10 mm or enlarged lymph node short diameter ≥ 15 mm). Exclusion Criteria: * Pathologically/histologically confirmed cholangiocarcinoma, combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma, sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma, or fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma; * Patients with a history of other malignant tumors within the past 3 years or concurrent malignant tumors (except cured basal cell carcinoma of the skin and cervical in situ carcinoma); * Concomitant use of other antitumor therapeutic agents, such as antitumor traditional Chinese medicines and…