transarterial bleomycin chemoembolization represents a novel minimally invasive therapeutic approach for the management of giant nodular goiter.
Who can participate
Age range18 Years – 80 Years
SexALL
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Inclusion Criteria:
* Clinical criteria: thyroid enlargement, mostly painless, with compressive symptoms (such as dysphagia, dyspnea) being less common; thyroid function is mostly normal, and a small number may be accompanied by hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
* Imaging examinations: ultrasound shows multiple solid or cystic-solid nodules with clear boundaries and no malignant signs such as microcalcification and a vertical-to-horizontal diameter ratio \>1.
* Pathological criteria: follicular epithelial cell hyperplasia, no nuclear atypia, and no malignant cellular characteristics (such as mitotic figures, infiltrative growth, etc.). In this study, a thyroid goiter with at least one diameter exceeding 4 cm was considered a giant goiter
Exclusion Criteria:
* abnormal coagulation profiles;
* hepatic or renal impairment;
* allergy to contrast media;
* refusal of interventional therapy and requirement for surgical treatment or other therapies