Evaluation of Hemostatic Agents in Partial Nephrectomy

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 18 years or older. * Diagnosed with localized renal mass (clinical stage T1a-T1b) suitable for partial nephrectomy. * Adequate preoperative renal function to undergo surgery. * Signed informed consent obtained prior to study enrollment. * Undergoing open, laparoscopic, or robotic partial nephrectomy performed by the same experienced surgeon. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with solitary kidney or bilateral renal tumors. * History of previous renal surgery on the same kidney. * Evidence of metastatic disease or locally advanced (≥T2) renal tumors. * Coagulopathy, bleeding disorders, or ongoing anticoagulant therapy that cannot be discontinued. * Active urinary tract infection or systemic infection. * Known allergy or hypersensitivity to gelatin or oxidized cellulose components. * Patients who decline participation or withdraw consent. * Incomplete perioperative data or loss to follow-up.