The purpose of the research is to explore the effects of music therapy on premenstrual syndrome and its symptoms. The goal of this study is to answer the following research questions: 1. Will the passive music listening group and music therapy group (singing and instrumental playing) have a different effect on the physiological responses (EMG, skin conductance, and heart rate) of college students with PMS? 2. Will the passive music listening group and music therapy group (singing and instrumental playing) have a different effect on the brain wave (EEG) of college students with PMS? 3. Will the passive music listening group and music therapy group (singing and instrumental playing) have a different effect on the anxiety level of college students with PMS? 4. Will the passive music listening group and music therapy group (singing and instrumental playing) have a different effect on the pain perception of college students with PMS? 5. How do college students with PMS respond after listening to music, singing, and instrumental playing? Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a passive music-listening group, an active singing group, or an active instrumental-playing group. Physiological responses were collected before, during, and after the intervention. Participants who volunteered completed a written survey following the intervention.
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Alpha Wave Activity (EEG)
Timeframe: It was a one-time intervention on the same day (day 1), each participant with assessments immediately before the intervention (baseline), during the intervention, and immediately after the intervention (post-test).
Muscle Tension (EMG)
Timeframe: It was a one-time intervention on the same day (day 1), each participant with assessments immediately before the intervention (baseline), during the intervention, and immediately after the intervention (post-test).
Heart Rate
Timeframe: It was a one-time intervention on the same day (day 1), each participant with assessments immediately before the intervention (baseline), during the intervention, and immediately after the intervention (post-test)
Skin Conductance (SC)
Timeframe: It was a one-time intervention on the same day (day 1), each participant with assessments immediately before the intervention (baseline), during the intervention, and immediately after the intervention (post-test).
Anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI)
Timeframe: This was a one-time intervention conducted on Day 1. Each participant completed assessments at baseline (pre-intervention, prior to physiological measurements) and immediately post-intervention (following completion of physiological measurements).
Pain Perception
Timeframe: This was a one-time intervention conducted on Day 1. Each participant completed assessments at baseline (pre-intervention, prior to physiological measurements) and immediately post-intervention (following completion of physiological measurements).