Postbiotics Ameliorate Cachexia in Patients With Non-small-cell Lung Cancer

Inclusion criteria

• ✓. Age ≥ 18 years, regardless of gender.
• ✓. Patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) classified as stage III-IV according to the 9th TNM edition of IASLC, who are either currently receiving or have completed chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy.
• ✓. Cachexia was diagnosed according to the international consensus criteria: involuntary weight loss \>5 % within 6 months preceding screening, or BMI \<20 kg/m² combined with \>2 % involuntary weight loss within the same period.
• ✓. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤ 3 and an estimated life expectancy of ≥ 4 months.
• ✓. Prior to the first dose of study treatment, adequate organ function must be documented (no blood products, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factors, or thrombopoietic agents within 14 days before randomisation): 1) Absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1.5 × 10\^9/L;2)Platelet count ≥ 100 × 10\^9/L; 3) Haemoglobin \> 90 g/L; 4) Serum creatinine \< 1.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN) or creatinine clearance (Cockcroft-Gault) \> 50 mL/min; 5) Total bilirubin \< 1.5 × ULN (\< 3 × ULN in Gilbert's syndrome) ;6) AST and ALT \< 2.5 × ULN (≤ 5 × ULN if hepatic metastases present); 7) INR and aPTT ≤ 1.5 × ULN unless the participant is on therapeutic anticoagulation; 8) Left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) \> 50 %
• ✓. Participants must be capable of providing written informed consent and comprehending the potential risks associated with the intervention.
• ✓. Participants must demonstrate high adherence to the study protocol.
• ✓. Gastrointestinal function score of \< 5.

Exclusion criteria