Comparison of Post-operative Pain in Relation to Working Length Assessment by Electronic Apex Locator and Digital Radiography in Permanent Teeth Among Pediatric Patients

Inclusion Criteria: Children aged 10-15 years. Clinical and radiographic diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis. Absence of systemic disease. Permanent first molars with mature apices. No radiographic evidence of root resorption or periodontal bone loss. Written consent from a parent or legal guardian. Exclusion Criteria: Medically compromised or psychologically unfit children. Teeth with periapical lesions on radiographs. Teeth with severely curved or calcified canals. Presence of acute or chronic systemic inflammatory conditions.