The goal of this observational study is to evaluate pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, peripheral muscle strength, and functional capacity in adult patients undergoing either minimally invasive cardiac surgery (via mini-thoracotomy) or conventional sternotomy for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) at Gülhane Training and Research Hospital.The main questions it aims to answer are: Does minimally invasive cardiac surgery preserve pulmonary function better than conventional sternotomy? Does minimally invasive cardiac surgery result in less respiratory and peripheral muscle weakness compared to conventional sternotomy? Researchers will compare patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery with those undergoing conventional sternotomy to determine differences in pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, peripheral muscle strength, and functional capacity. Participants will: Undergo preoperative and postoperative (day 4) assessments including spirometry, inspiratory/expiratory mouth pressure measurements, and peripheral muscle strength testing (handgrip, shoulder flexion/abduction, hip flexion, knee extension). Perform functional capacity tests (30-second sit-to-stand test, 6-minute walk test). Complete questionnaires assessing pain (McGill Pain Questionnaire) and fear of movement (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia).
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Change in Pulmonary Function - Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Timeframe: Baseline [preoperative] and postoperative day 4)
Change in Pulmonary Function - Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)
Timeframe: Baseline to postoperative day 4
Change in Respiratory Muscle Strength - Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP)
Timeframe: Baseline [preoperative] and postoperative day 4
Change in Respiratory Muscle Strength - Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP)
Timeframe: Baseline [preoperative] and postoperative day 4
Change in Handgrip Strength
Timeframe: Baseline to postoperative day 4
Change in Knee Extension Strength
Timeframe: Baseline to postoperative day 4
Change in Functional Capacity - 30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test
Timeframe: Baseline to postoperative day 4
Change in Functional Capacity - 6-Minute Walk Distance
Timeframe: Baseline to postoperative day 4