Age is one of the primary risk factors for falls, with risk increasing as people get older. Research on fall risk and prevention has identified hundreds of contributing factors, showing that falls have complex and multifactorial causes. Risk factors can be categorized as environmental, extrinsic, or intrinsic. Intrinsic factors include physiological aspects-such as reduced lower-limb strength, impaired gait and balance, weaker grip strength, diminished sensory function, and poorer sensorimotor control-as well as psychological aspects, including fear of falling, depression, and cognitive decline. Strongly associated intrinsic risk factors include a history of falls, physical weakness, gait and balance disorders, certain medications, and dizziness. While fixed factors like age and fall history cannot be changed, identifying and targeting modifiable risk factors is crucial for prevention. Among these, gait and balance impairments are considered the most important modifiable intrinsic factors.
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Neck range of motion
Timeframe: Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and at three, six, and twelve months post-intervention.
Neck proprioception
Timeframe: Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and at three, six, and twelve months post-intervention.
Neck position
Timeframe: Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and at three, six, and twelve months post-intervention.
Neck muscle
Timeframe: Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and at three, six, and twelve months post-intervention.
Center of Pressure
Timeframe: Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and at three, six, and twelve months post-intervention.
Oculomotor
Timeframe: Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and at three, six, and twelve months post-intervention.
Dynamic balance
Timeframe: Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and at three, six, and twelve months post-intervention.
L/E Muscle strength
Timeframe: Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and at three, six, and twelve months post-intervention.
Ankle proprioception
Timeframe: Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and at three, six, and twelve months post-intervention.
The Falls Efficacy Scale International
Timeframe: Assessments will be conducted at baseline, and at three, six, and twelve months post-intervention.