Topical Hyaluronic Acid Adjunctive Effects on Healing After Free Gingival Grafting in Smokers and Non-Smokers

Inclusion Criteria: Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were between 18 and 65 years of age, systemically healthy, and not taking regular medication. Additional criteria included the absence of antibiotic use within the last three months, no pregnancy or lactation, a periodontally healthy status or completion of periodontal therapy, and the presence of insufficient keratinised gingiva in the mandibular anterior region (canine-to-canine) with a clinical indication for FGG in the same area. Smoking and non-smoking status were determined from clinical records and patient self-reports. All smokers included in the study continued smoking throughout the documented postoperative period, and none of the non-smokers had a history of smoking or initiated smoking during the study period. Exclusion Criteria: Subjects who do not meet these conditions will not be included in the study.