The goal of this retrospective observational study is to learn about the intervenable risk factors of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) and in-hospital mortality among adult patients undergoing major surgery. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Does preoperative usage of potential nephrotoxic medications (eg., proton pump inhibitor, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) increase the risk of postoperative AKI and in-hospital mortality? 2. Does preoperative status (eg., malnutrition, hypoalbuminemia, hypomagnesemia) increase the risk of postoperative AKI and in-hospital mortality? 3. Are there intervenable risk factors of postoperative AKI and in-hospital mortality? 4. Are there special risk factors of postoperative AKI and in-hospital mortality in specific patients (eg. elderly, diabetics)? The study will be conducted in retrospective cohort of patients undergoing major surgery. Participants are followed until discharge.
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Postoperative acute kidney injury
Timeframe: within 7 days after major surgery