The two main groups of medicated patients with schizophrenia (SZ) are those receiving second-generation antipsychotics and those receiving first-generation antipsychotics. The purpose of this research project is to target each patient group to examine effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) on upper-limb movements in medicated SZ patients in a 6-month follow-up period. The main questions of this project are: 1. Does RAS reduce severity of upper-limb bradykinesia (slow movements) and dyskinesia (repetitive and involuntary movements) after intervention, at 3-month follow-up and 6-month follow-up in SZ patients receiving second-generation antipsychotics? and 2. Does RAS reduce severity of upper-limb bradykinesia and dyskinesia after intervention, at 3-month follow-up and 6-month follow-up in SZ patients receiving first-generation antipsychotics? Researchers will compare upper-limb movement training with the aid of RAS to upper-limb movement training without the aid of RAS to see if RAS works to improve upper-limb movements in SZ patients. Participants will: 1. Undergo an interview and movement tests and fill out questionnaires before and after the movement training program and at 3-month follow-up and 6-month follow-up; and 2. Receive movement training for 40 minutes per session for a total of 21 sessions.
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Purdue pegboard test
Timeframe: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Purdue pegboard test
Timeframe: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Purdue pegboard test
Timeframe: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Purdue pegboard test
Timeframe: After six months following the last session of the intervention
Box and Block Test
Timeframe: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Box and Block Test
Timeframe: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Box and Block Test
Timeframe: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Box and Block Test
Timeframe: After six months following the last session of the intervention
Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale
Timeframe: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale
Timeframe: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale
Timeframe: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale
Timeframe: After six months following the last session of the intervention
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
Timeframe: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
Timeframe: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
Timeframe: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
Timeframe: After six months following the last session of the intervention