Oral Nutritional Supplementation and Weight Changes During Therapy in Malnourished Patients With Resistant Tuberculosis: A Clinical Trial

Inclusion Criteria: * Who had access to electronic devices (e.g., mobile phones) for adherence monitoring * individuals newly diagnosed with rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (RR-TB), multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), or pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (Pre-XDR-TB) at the drug-resistant tuberculosis outpatient clinic of Persahabatan General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. * BMI of 13-20 kg/m² * had received standardized or individualized treatment regimens for seven days * had no severe drug-induced hepatitis indicated by elevated liver enzymes \>5 times the normal upper limit Exclusion Criteria: * individuals with HIV infection, * end-stage renal failure, * severe anemia (hemoglobin \<8 g/dL), * severe hypoalbuminemia (albumin \<2.5 g/dL), * acute or chronic liver diseases (including hepatitis, cirrhosis, or jaundice), * cancer, * interstitial lung disease (ILD), * anatomical gastrointestinal disorders (either congenital or post-surgical), * diabetes mellitus, * long-term corticosteroid or immunosuppressant therapy * other acute pulmonary infections such as pneumonia, * exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or asthma