A Study to Evaluate Treatment Patterns and Effectiveness of Luspatercept

Inclusion Criteria: * Included in the Flatiron Health Broad Research Network, with 2 or more visits after January 1, 2011 * Has evidence of diagnosis with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) after Jan 1, 2020, as identified by a natural language processing (NLP)-based machine-learning (ML) model * Has evidence of diagnosis with MDS as identified via structured International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes: * International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM): D46.x * International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM): 238.7x * Age ≥ 18 years at MDS diagnosis * Has either ring sideroblasts positive or negative status, as confirmed by bone marrow aspirate lab results or clinician notes * Has at least one confirmed structured activity more than 8 weeks prior to the index date Cohort specific inclusion criteria: First-line (1L) luspatercept cohort * Has evidence of receipt of luspatercept as identified via structured data as evidenced by non-cancelled Medication Order or Medication Administration and confirmed via unstructured data * Has evidence of treatment with luspatercept for at least 12 weeks as evidenced by non-cancelled Medication Orders or Medication Administrations 1L erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) cohort: * Has evidence of receipt of any ESA (i.e., epoetin alfa, darbepoetin alfa, epoetin beta, epoetin alfa-epbx, epoetin zeta, or epoetin beta-methoxy polyethylene gly…