A Study to Evaluate Luspatercept Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents-Naïve Patients With Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes in the United States

Inclusion Criteria: * Had a documented diagnosis of primary or secondary myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) * MDS diagnosis confirmed through bone marrow testing on (or 30 days prior to) MDS diagnosis date or within 1 year of MDS diagnosis date * Had a documented determination of Lower Risk (LR)-MDS as measured by International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) or its revised version (IPSS-R) at or before index treatment (i.e., first-line luspatercept or first-line erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA)) initiation * IPSS risk level: low, intermediate-1 (level-1 risk) * IPSS-R risk level: very low, low, intermediate * Received luspatercept as the first-line treatment for anemia any time from 28 August 2023 to 31 July 2024 (Cohort 1) * Receipt of combination therapy with ESAs and/or granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) will be allowed OR * Received ESA as the first-line treatment for anemia any time from 28 August 2023 to 31 July 2024 (Cohort 2) * Was aged 18 years or older at the time of initial diagnosis of MDS * Known vital status (i.e., living, or deceased) at the time of record abstraction. * Records for patients who are dead or alive will be eligible * Complete medical record covering relevant past medical history, diagnosis of LR-MDS, treatment, laboratory assessments, red-blood cell (RBC) transfusions, and regular monitoring for LR-MDS, including any transfer record from other physicians/facilities (if applicable) is available to the abstracting p…