Stress and a parental history of major depressive disorder (MDD) are among the strongest risk factors for future development of MDD. Studies have shown that having a parental history of MDD may be associated with behavioral, psychophysiological, and hormonal responses to stress that are associated with poorer stress coping. . Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental window linked to increased MDD risk, especially for females, as rates of MDD surge relative to males. Despite the central role of stress in MDD onset, little is known about the brain mechanisms underlying stress responses in susceptible female adolescents at high familial risk for MDD. Also, it is unclear how stress-related brain network alterations may relate to "real-world" maladaptive stress responses and whether these stress-related brain network changes are predictive of future depression onset. We will fulfill these research gaps by combining neuroimaging with intensive longitudinal tracking of depressive symptomology as well as behavioral and physiological responses to "real world" stress using smartphone and smartwatch technology. Elucidating these neural mechanisms may aid in the discovery of MDD biomarkers that could identify youth at greatest risk for future MDD development and lead to earlier intervention efforts.
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Time Spent in Default Mode-Frontoparietal Network Coactivation Pattern (CAP)
Timeframe: Throughout a 1.75 hour MRI scan collected during the middle of a 3.5 hour 2nd study session
Persistence in default mode network-frontoparietal network co-activation pattern
Timeframe: Throughout a 1.75 hour MRI scan collected during the middle of a 3.5 hour 2nd study session
Depressive Symptoms
Timeframe: Collected at baseline, the beginning of a 1.75 hour MRI, and at 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-ups