The goal of this clinical trial is to test if coffee consumed as a tablet is biologically equivalent to that consumed traditionally as a drink. It will also learn about the impact of the short-term intake of coffee on markers of cardiovascular and liver health. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Do coffee bioactive compounds produce the same levels in blood and urine regardless of how the coffee is consumed (tablet or drink)? * How does coffee as a tablet or drink impact cardiovascular risk and liver health versus a non-coffee control? Participants will: * Visit the clinical unit for three phases; each phase is 1x 480 minute (eight hour) acute postprandial visit and 1 x one hour visit the following day. During each phase they will be randomly assigned to take a different intervention (coffee drink, coffee tablet, coffee-free control) * Be cannulated during the 480 minute (8 hour) acute visits and have regular blood draws as well as basic clinical assessments * Return on day two for a fasting blood sample and basic clinical assessment * Collect their urine for 24 h * Be asked to record their intake of foods and drinks for 3 days to assess their usual diet (dietary assessment).
Age range
18 Years – 45 Years
Sex
ALL
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Pharmacokinetic profile of key coffee biologically active compounds and their metabolites after consuming a coffee drink, a coffee tablet and control.
Timeframe: Blood taken prior to consuming the intervention (0 minutes) and then 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480 and 1440 minutes post intervention.
Pharmacokinetic profile of key coffee biologically active compounds and their metabolites after consuming a coffee drink, a coffee tablet and control.
Timeframe: Blood taken prior to consuming the intervention (0 minutes) and then 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480 and 1440 minutes post intervention.