Pro-Epileptic Effects of IV Ketamine

Inclusion Criteria: \- Adults aged ≥18 years scheduled to undergo procedural sedation prior to esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the endoscopy unit were included in the study. Exclusion Criteria: * patients aged \<18 years, * pregnant or breastfeeding females, * patients with a known history of epilepsy, previous status epilepticus, or neurological conditions such as head trauma, brain tumors, cerebrovascular events, meningitis, or encephalitis, as well as congenital or acquired structural brain anomalies. * Individuals with a first-degree family history of epilepsy or who had used medications affecting the central nervous system (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics, sedatives, benzodiazepines, or opioids) within the previous month were also excluded. * Patients were also excluded if they had a known allergy or hypersensitivity to the study drugs (IV ketamine, IV midazolam, IV propofol) or to adjunctive medications used for procedural sedation (e.g., IV fentanyl). * Patients with a history of complications during anesthesia or previous surgical procedures, such as malignant hyperthermia or respiratory failure. * Patients with significant movement disorders, agitation, scalp lesions, or other conditions interfering with EEG recording. * Patients with severe cardiovascular disease, including uncontrolled hypertension, advanced heart failure, or arrhythmias, as well as those with oxygen saturation \<90%, a high risk of respiratory depression, or severe obstructive sleep apnea s…