Glycoprotein Matrix-Bound Iron Improves Iron Absorption

Inclusion Criteria: * Participants had to have a normal body weight \[body mass index (BMI) of 19-24.99 kg/m2\] and engage in recreational physical activity, as defined by the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines. * Participants must be healthy and have no diagnosed chronic disease conditions Exclusion Criteria: * Participants were not allowed to consume any nutritional supplements known to affect the measures of the current study for at least 6 weeks prior to participation, including pro-, post- and prebiotics, as well as digestive enzymes. * Individuals who were currently being treated for or diagnosed with a gastrointestinal, cardiac, respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, metabolic, immune, autoimmune, psychiatric, hematological, neurological, or endocrinological disorder. * Participants whose body mass had deviated by more than 2% in the previous 30 days * Participants who were unwilling to abstain from alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine for 12 hours prior to each visit.