Preoperative Prediction of Difficult Laryngoscopy in Diabetic Patients: Importance of the Palm Print Test

Inclusion Criteria: * diabetes mellitus * aged more than 18 years * undergoing surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Exclusion Criteria: * physical or intellectual disabilities preventing cooperation * Malformations, trauma, tumors, or infections of the maxillofacial region and upper airways, * a history of burns or cervicofacial irradiation * neurosurgical conditions causing temporomandibular pseudoankylosis. * hand joint stiffness (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome, Dupuytren's disease, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis) * restricted cervical mobility (due to osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or cervical trauma), * a history of difficult intubation * pregnancy (including up to six weeks postpartum)