Study on the Ablation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Using Pulsed Electric Fields Under Different Surgical Procedures

Inclusion Criteria: * 18 years old and above, regardless of gender; * Patients with symptomatic drug-refractory persistent atrial fibrillation (diagnosis time exceeding ≤ 3 years); * Agree to participate in the study and be able and willing to comply with all follow-up requirements;- Exclusion Criteria: * Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35% * Left atrial diameter (echocardiography) ≥ 55mm * Patients with a definite thrombus in the left atrium or a definite thrombus in the heart before surgery * Patients with cardiac function classification (NYHA) III-IV * Patients with second-degree (type II) or third-degree atrioventricular block * Persons with obvious congenital heart defects (such as atrial septal defect or severe pulmonary vein stenosis, but excluding patent foramen ovale) * Patients with prosthetic valve implantation * Patients with implanted cardiac pacemaker or cardiac defibrillator (ICD) * Diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, myxoma * Patients with preoperatively known symptomatic carotid stenosis * Patients with untreated or controlled hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism * Patients with systemically active infections * Patients with renal failure who have significant bleeding tendency or are undergoing hemodialysis * Patients with myocardial infarction or any cardiac intervention/open surgery within 3 months * Patients who have had a stroke or transient ischemic attack within 6 months * Patients with obvious …