Bone Augmentation Techniques in the Mandible Posterior Region

Inclusion Criteria: Posterior mandibular edentulism requiring horizontal ridge augmentation (Cawood \& Howell Classes IV-VI). One or two eligible posterior mandibular sites suitable for cortical shell augmentation. Adequate residual bone height to allow safe fixation above the mandibular canal. Good general health (ASA I or II). Plaque index \< 20% and absence of active periodontal infection. Ability and willingness to attend scheduled follow-up visits (up to 12 months). Written informed consent provided prior to any study-related procedure. Exclusion Criteria: Uncontrolled systemic diseases affecting bone healing (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, immunosuppressive disorders). Current heavy smoking (\>5 cigarettes/day). Pregnancy or lactation. Current use of medications known to affect bone metabolism or healing (e.g., bisphosphonates, long-term corticosteroids, anticoagulants). Active periodontal disease or untreated oral infection. History of chemotherapy or radiotherapy to the head and neck region.