The objective of this study is to investigate whether a cycling exercise coupled with artificial gravity via a short-arm human centrifuge helps to prevent and / or reduce the deleterious effects induced by 60 days of anti-orthostatic bedrest. The secondary objective is to investigate whether the combination of a supine cycling exercise with artificial gravity is more effective than the same supine cycling exercise alone in preventing or reducing the effects of head-down bedrest. During a randomized, 60 day bed rest study, in 24 healthy male adults, the two following aims will be undertaken: * Fourteen scientific protocols will assess the changes in the cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, neuro-sensorial, haematological, and immunological systems. * In the above-mentioned systems, the comparative potential beneficial effects of the two countermeasure protocols will also be investigated by the scientific protocols and bedrest standard measurements (BSM).
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Changes in orthostatic tolerance
Timeframe: At baseline and first day of recovery
Changes in peak aerobic power (VO2max test)
Timeframe: At baseline and end of head down tilt phase at week 10
Changes in plasma volume
Timeframe: At baseline and end of head down tilt phase at week 10
Changes in serum bone formation markers
Timeframe: From baseline until the end of the volunteers' participation in the study at year 2
Change in serum bone resorption markers
Timeframe: From baseline until the end of the volunteers' participation in the study at year 2
Changes in Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in nitrogen balance
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in muscle strength
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 10
Change in fat and lean body mass measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
Timeframe: From baseline until the end of the volunteers' participation in the study at year 2
Change in walking balance
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 10
Changes in jump performance
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in standing balance
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 10
Changes in leg muscle volume and fat
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 10
Changes in bone density (by DEXA and High Resolution Peripheral Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT))
Timeframe: From baseline until the end of the volunteers' participation in the study at year 2
Change in the optic nerve fibers thickness
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in intraocular pressure (IOP)
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in visual acuity
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in visual field
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in the anatomical characteristics of the eye (optical biometry)
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in the central corneal thickness
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in the retina by non-mydriatic fundus retinography
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in the cornea topography
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in motion sickness susceptibility
Timeframe: At baseline and at recovery at week 12
Change in fluid shift distribution towards the cardiac and cephalic region
Timeframe: At baseline and until year 1
Change in mood
Timeframe: At baseline and until week 12
Change in affective states
Timeframe: At baseline and until week 12
Change in sleep quality
Timeframe: At baseline and until week 12
Change in psychological state: mental health
Timeframe: At baseline and until week 12
Measurement of changes in subjective sleep quality
Timeframe: At baseline and until week 12