Syringe Pressure Analysis: A Critical Examination of the Operator's Burden

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients 19 years old and older, no convicts, no prior history of infection, cancer, or contraindications for surgical procedures. * Patients scheduled for pain injections who agree to participate in the study, sign the informed consent, IRB approval consent, and agree to answer preoperative, postoperative, and 1-week postoperative questionnaires. * Patients with chronic lower back pain for over three months, not responding to conventional treatment, including NSAID drugs, core back muscle strengthening with lower back exercises or physiotherapy. * Symptoms suggestive of facet pain (e.g., LBP with or without radiation to the buttocks, thigh, or groin; pain increasing on hyperextension; pain when initiating movement) scheduled for medial branch blocks and radiofrequency injections when indicated, with focal tenderness over the facet joint elicited by digital pressure. * Post-lumbar disc surgery patients with persistent pain and no MRI evidence of arachnoiditis or infection. * For all pain procedures, fluoroscopic guidance will be utilized for spinal needle placements. * Data collection will include gender, race, height, weight, BMI, radiation exposure from the fluoroscopy dosage logbook, procedure time, horizontal distance measurement between the same spinal level in centimeters (interspinous-same spinal level), and longitudinal distance measurement from needles (adjacent spinal level). * The study period is from October 1, 2023, to May 15, 2024. …