Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit Among Professional Athletes

Inclusion Criteria: * 1\. A professional volleyball Egyptian athlete who are playing in the selected clubs around Egypt; the four clubs in Alexandria (Smouha sporting club, Alex sporting club, Ittihad club and Horse owners club) and the three clubs in Cairo (Egyptian shooting club, wadi degla club, Zamalek club). 2\. Elite Male and female volleyball players with BMI between (18.5 to 24.9) kg/m². 3\. Their age range is between 14 to 30 years old Exclusion Criteria: * 1\. Athletes who have a history of shoulder surgery or injury such as rotator cuff tear or labrum tear. 2\. Athletes who have a history of injuries (fractures, dislocations) or surgeries in other joints of the upper limb (elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand) (Dabhokar et al., 2018). 3\. Athletes who have a history of inflammatory joint disease, or neurological disorders that could affect their shoulder ROM such as arthritis or diabetes (Dabhokar et al., 2018). 4\. Athletes who are taking any medications that could affect their shoulder ROM or pain. 5\. Athletes who are currently inactive at the professional level due to multiple injuries that have prevented them from practicing. 6\. Athletes who have been diagnosed with kyphosis and scoliosis in the shoulder and thoracic regions, as well as other anatomical anomalies (pennella et al., 2022). 7\. Athletes who have experienced shoulder pain with stomach discomfort (pennella et al., 2022)