Effect of Dexmedetomidine and Esketamine on Catheter-related Bladder Discomfort

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged 18 years or above; * Scheduled to undergo transurethral bladder or prostate surgery (including transurethral resection of bladder tumor, transurethral resection of prostate, and transurethral thulium laser prostatectomy) under general anesthesia; * Required postoperative retention of a three-chamber urinary catheter. Exclusion Criteria: * Indwelling urinary catheters or chronic analgesic therapy for ≥1 month before surgery; * Uncontrolled hypertension before surgery (resting ward systolic pressure \>180 mmHg or diastolic pressure \>110 mmHg); * Severe bradycardia (heart rate ≤50 beats per minute), sick sinus syndrome, or atrioventricular block of degree II or above without pacemaker, or having myocardial infarction, severe heart insufficiency (New York Heart Association class ≥3), or tachyarrhythmia within a year; * Preoperative history of schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, myasthenia gravis, or intracranial hypertension; * Preoperative history of hyperthyroidism and pheochromocytoma; * Inability to communicate due to coma, severe dementia, or language barrier before surgery; * Severe liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh grade C), severe renal dysfunction (receiving dialysis before surgery), or Amercian Society of Anesthesiologists classification ≥IV; * Scheduled admission to the intensive care unit with endotracheal intubation after surgery; * Other conditions that are considered unsuitable for study participation.